数学英雄

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Math & Add. Math 参考资料
(教程内容是依据马来西亚KSSM的课程)

← Form 4: Mathematics

Chapter 9.2: Probability of Combined Events - Independent & Mutually Exclusive Events

上一课,所学的 Non-mutually exclusive events 跟这里会学到的“Mutually Exclusive Events” 只有一个区别,那就是两个events不可能同时发生!

Mutually (adjective) - 相互的
Exclusive (noun) - 独占的
Mutually Exclusive Event - 相互排斥的 / 不可共存

event A and event B are independent and not intersecting(Figure 1)

石头、剪子、布游戏就是一个Mutually Exclusive Events的例子,因为你或对手每一次只能出其中一个手势,也表示一个时间只有一个event可以发生。



Example Question:

You and your friend plays a set of rock paper scissor game. What is the probability of your friend choosing to play scissors or paper?

既然,题目说明只玩一场的猜拳,所以all possible outcomes / events: $$ S = \{scissors,\ paper,\ rock \} $$

Probability of Scissors: $$ P(Scissors)= \frac{1}{3}$$

Probability of Paper: $$ P(Paper)= \frac{1}{3}$$

当要找P(Scissors) OR 或 P(Paper)发生的概率,跟Non-mutually exclusive events OR 的做法一样,就直接把两个的probability加起来。分别在于,因为mutually exclusive events没有交叉点,所以不用再减掉P(A & B)。

Probability of Scissors OR Paper: $$ \begin{aligned} P(Scissors) + P(Paper) &= \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3} \\ &= \frac{2}{3} \end{aligned} $$



其它Mutually Exclusive Event的例子包括:

  • Tossing a coin( 抛一个硬币)
  • Rolling a dice (掷一个骰子)
  • Throwing a dart on the spinner (向旋转器投掷一个飞镖)

这系列的活动(activity),一个时间段里只能够拥有一个event / outcome。




Recap


Probability of Combining Mutually Exclusive Events 是指只有Event A OR 或 Event B 可以发生,但是结合起来计算的概率: $$P(event A) + P(event B) $$